Geothermal models of the crust and uppermost mantle of the Fennoscandian Shield in South Norway and the Danish Embayment
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
A narrow heat flow transition zone between the Fennoscandian Shield and the North Sea Basin has been investigated along a profile from the Precambrian of South Norway to the Danish Embayment in North Jylland. Along this profile the surface heat flow varies from about 42 mWm-2 (measured) in South Norway to 60–70 mWm-2 (estimated) in Denmark. Geothermal, seismic, gravity and other geophysical and geological data have formed the basis for construction of heat production and thermal conductivity models in the depth interval 0–50 km. The related steady-state temperatures and heat flow distributions are calculated by a numerical solution of the heat conduction equation in two dimensions. Three models are presented, a preferred model and two others which yield temperatures assumed to be close to the lowest and highest possible values. The preferred model gives temperatures of about 350 °C at the crust-mantle boundary in the Shield and approximately 700 °C beneath the Danish Embayment. These differences are associated with considerable variations in the heat flow from the mantle. In the main model variations from 16-17 mWm-2 in the shield region to about 40 mWm-2 in the Danish Embayment have been found. Some geophysical and petrological implications are discussed. In the sedimentary basin partial melting in the lower crust and at shallow depth in the uppermost mantle seems to be likely.
ARK: https://n2t.net/ark:/88439/y020204
Permalink: https://geophysicsjournal.com/article/254
Article Details
Authors who publish with this journal as of Vol. 63 agree to the following terms:
a. Authors share the copyright with this journal in equal parts (50% to the journal, 50% to the lead author), and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work after publication simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal, and a reference to this copyright notice.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) during the submission process, as this can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work and better sales of the copyright.
Author Self-archiving
Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal of Geophysics right of first publication, with the work three years after publication simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 License that allows others to share the work (with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal), except for commercial purposes and for creating derivatives.
Authors can enter into separate, additional, but non-commercial contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, but not publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as that can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Additional Notes
This journal is one of a handful of scholarly journals that publish original scientific works under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 - the only Creative Commons license affording the authors' intellectual property absolute worldwide protection.
Journal of Geophysics is published under the scholar-publishers model, meaning authors do not surrender their copyright to us. Instead, and unlike corporate publishers like Elsevier or Springer Nature that resell copyright to third-parties for up to $80,000 (per paper, per transaction!), the Journal of Geophysics authors share copyright equally with this journal.
Therefore, all the proceeds from reselling copyright to third parties get shared to equal parts (50% to the journal, 50% to the lead author). Under the Berne Convention, this protection is an inheritable right that lasts for as long as the rightsholder lives + 50 years.
By submitting to this journal, the lead author, on behalf of all co-authors, grants permission to this journal to represent all co-authors in negotiating copyright sales and collecting proceeds. The lead author should negotiate with his/her co-authors the modalities of distributing the lead author's portion of the proceeds. Usually, this is per pre-agreed percentage of each co-author's contribution to creating the copyrighted work. (more...)
References
Barth, T.F.W., Dons, J.A. (1960) Precambrian of Southern Norway. In: Holtedal, O. (Ed.) Geology of Norway, Norges geol. Unders. 208:6-67
Birch, F., Clark, H. (1940) The thermal conductivity of rocks and its dependence upon temperature and composition. Am. J. Sci. 238, 529-558 and 613-635
Bridgman, P.W. (1924) Thermal conductivity and compressibility of several rocks under high pressures. Am. J. Sci. Ser. 5(7):81-102
Buntebarth, G. (1973) Modellberechnungen zur Temperatur-Tiefen-Yerteilung im Bereich der Alpcn und des Alpenvorlandes. J. Geophys. 39:97-107
Casten, U., Hirschleber, H. (1971) Seismic measurements in Jutland 1969. J. Geophys. 37:47-69
Čermak, Y. (1975) Temperature-depth profiles in Czechoslovakia and some adjacent areas derived from heat-flow measurements, deep seismic sounding and other geophysical data. Tectonophysics 26:103-119
Čermak, V., Jessop, A.M. (1971) Heat flow, heat generation and crustal temperature in the Kapuskasing area of the Canadian Shield. Tectonophysics 11:287-303
Clark, S.P. (1957) Radiative transfer in the Earth's mantle. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 38:931-938
Clark, S.P. (1969) Heat conductivity in the mantle. In: Hart, P.J. (Ed.) The Earth's crust and upper mantle, Am. Geophys. Un. Geophys. Mon. 13:622-626
Evans, T.R., Coleman, N.C. (1974) North Sea geothermal gradients. Nature 247:28-30
Falkum, T. (1966) Structural and petrological investigations of the Precambrian metamorphic and igneous charnockite and migmatite complex in the Flekkefjord area. Southern Norway. Norges geol. Unders. 242:19-25
Falkum. T. (1972) On large-scale tectonic structures in the Agder-Rogaland region, Southern Norway. Norsk geol. Tidsskr. 52:371-376
Fujisawa. H., Fujii, N., Mizutani. H., Kanamori. H., Akimoto, S. (1968) Thermal diffusivity of Mg2SiO4, Fe2SiO4, and NaCl at high pressures and temperatures. J. Geophys. Res. 73:4727-4733
Fukao, Y. (1969) On the radiative heat transfer and the thermal conductivity in the upper mantle. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. 47:549-569
Fukao, Y., Mizutani, H., Uyeda. S. (1968) Optical absorption spectra at high temperatures and radiative thermal conductivity of olivines. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors l:57-62
Green, T.H. (1967) An experimental investigation of sub-solidus assemblages formed at high pressure in high-alumina basalt, kyanit eclogite and grosspydite compositions. Contr. Mineral. Petrol. 16:
84-114
Green, D.H. (1973) Contrasted melting relations in a pyrolite upper mantle under mid-oceanic ridge. stable crust and island arc environments. In: Wyllie, P.J. (Ed.) Experimental petrology and global tectonics, Tectonophysics 17:285-297
Green, D.H., Ringwood, A.E. (1967) An experimental investigation of the gabbro to eclogite transformation and its petrological applications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31:767-833
Green, D.H., Ringwood, A.E. (1972) A comparison of recent experimental data on the gab bro-garnet granulite-eclogite transition. J. Geol. 80:277-288
Gregersen, S. (1971) The Trans-Scandinavian seismic profile of 1969, profile section 4-5. In: Vogel, A. (Ed.) Deep seismic sounding in Northern Europe, Swedish Nat. Sci. Res. Council, 92-95
Haenel, R. (1971) Heat flow measurements and a first heat flow map of Germany. J. Geophys. 37:975-992
Hacncl. R., Gronlie, G., Heier, K.S. (1974) Terrestrial heat flow determinations from lakes in Southern Norway. Norsk. geol. Tidsskr. 54:423-428
Heier, K.S., Adams, J.A.S. (1965) Concentration of radioactive elements in deep crustal material. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 29:53-61
llirschleber, H., Hjelme, J., SellevolL M.A. (1966) A refraction profile through the Northern Jutland. Geodret. Inst. Medd. Kobenhavn 41:35
Horai. K., Simmons, G. (1969) Thermal conductivity of rock-forming minerals. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 6:359-368
Hurtig, E., Brugger, H. (1970) Warmeleitfahigkeitsmessungen unter einaxialem Druck. Tectonophysics 10:67-77
Ito, K., Kennedy. G.C. (1970) The fine structure of the basalt-eclogite transition. Mineral. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 3:77-83
Ito, K., Kennedy, G.C. (1971) An experimental study of the basalt-garnet granulite-eclogite transition. In: Haecock, J.G. (Ed.) The structure and physical properties of the Earth's crust, Am. Geophys. Un. Geophys. Mon. 14:303-314
Kanestrom, R., Haugland, K. (1971) Crustal structure in southeastern Norway from seismic refraction measurements. Scientific Report No. 5. Seismological Observatory, University of Bergen. Norway, 72 p.
Kappelmeyer, O., Haenel, R. (1974) Geothermics with Special Reference to Application. Geoexpl. Monogr. Ser. I, No. 4:238
Kawada, K. (1964) Variation of the thermal conductivity of rocks. part I. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. 42:631-647
Kawada, K. (1966) Variation of the thermal conductivity of rocks. part 2. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. 44:1071-1091
Kennedy, G.C., Ito. K. (1972) Comments on: "A comparison of recent experimental data on the gabbrogarnet granulite-eclogite transition". J. Geol. 80:289-292
Killeen, P.G., Heier. K.S. (1974) Radioelement variation in the Levang granite-gneiss, Bambie region, South Norway. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 48:171-177
Killeen, P.G., Heier, K.S. (1975a) A uranium and thorium enriched province of the Fennoscandian shield in Southern Norway. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 39:1515-1524
Killeen, P.G., Heier. K.S. (1975b) Radioelement distribution and heat production in Precambrian granitic rocks, Southern Norway. Skr. Norske Videnskaps-Akad. I. Mat.-Naturv. kl. 35:32
Lachenbruch, A.H. (1970) Crustal temperature and heat production: Implications of the linear heat-flow relation. J. Geophys. Res. 75:3291-3300
Lambert, L.B., Heier, K.S. (1967) The vertical distribution of uranium, thorium and potassium in the continental crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31:377-390
Larsen, G. (1966) Rhaetic-Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Sediments in the Danish Embayment. Dan marks geol. Unders. II, 91
Larsen, O. (1971) K/Ar age determinations from the Precambrian of Denmark. Dan marks geol. Unders. II. 97:37
Larsen. O. (1972) Kalium/Argon datering af prover fra danskc dybdeboringer. Dansk geol. Foren. Arsskrift for 1971:9I-94
Madsen, L. (1975) Approximate geothermal gradients in Denmark and the Danish North Sea sector. Danmarks geol. Unders. Arbog 1974:5-16
Majorowicz, J.A. (1973) Heat flow data from Poland. Nat. Phys. Sci. 241:16-17
Masse. R.P. (1975) Baltic Shield crustal velocity distribution. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 65:885-897
Parasnis, D.S. (1975) Temperature phenomena and heat flow estimates in two Precambrian ore-bearing areas in North Sweden. Geophys. J. 43:531-554
Puranen, M., Jarvimaki, P., Hamalainen, U., Lehtinen, S. (1968) Terrestrial heat flow in Finland. Geoexploration 6:151-162
Rasmussen, L.B. (1972) Oversigt over dybdeboringerne pa dansk landomrade 1965-68. Dansk geol. Foren .. Arsskrift for 1971:41-48
Rasmussen, L.B. (1974) Some geological results from the first five Danish exploration wells in the North Sea. Geol. Surv. Denmark III Ser. 42:46
Ringwood. A.E. (1969) Composition and evolution of the upper mantle. In: Hart, P.J. (Ed.) The Earth's crust and upper mantle, Am. Geophys. Un. Geophys. Mon. 13:1-17
Roy. R.F., Blackwell, D.D., Birch, F. (1968) Heat generation of plutonic rocks and continental heat flow provinces. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 5:1-12
Roy. R.F., Blackwell, D.D., Decker, E.R. (1972) Continental heat flow. In: Robertson, E.C. (Ed.) Nature of the solid Earth, pp. 506-543. McGraw-Hill, New York
Schatz, J.F., Simmons, G. (1972) Thermal conductivity of Earth materials at high temperatures. J. Geophys. Res. 77:6966-6983
Sellevoll, M.A. (1973) Mohorovičić discontinuity beneath Fenneoscandia and adjacent parts of the Norwegian Sea and the North Sea. In: Mueller, S. (Ed.) The structure of the Earth's crust, based on seismic data, Tectonophysics 20:359-366
Sellevoll, M.A., Aalstad, I. (1971) Magnetic measurements and seismic profiling in the Skagerrak. Marine Geophys. Res. 1:284-302
Sellevoll, M.A., Warrick, R.E. (1971) Refraction study of the crustal structure in Southern Norway. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 61:457-471
Shaw, D.M. (1967) Uranium, thorium and potassium in the Canadian Precambrian shield and possible mantle compositions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31:1111-1113
Smithson, S.B. (1965) The nature of the "granitic" layer of the crust in the southern Norwegian Precambrian. Norsk geol. Tidsskr. 45:113-133
Smithson, S.B., Decker, E.R. (1974) A continental crustal model and its geothermal implications. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 22:215-225
Sorgenfrei, T. (1969) Geological perspectives in the North Sea area. Bull. geol. Soc. Denmark 19:160-196
Sorgenfrei, T., Buch, A. (1964) Deep tests in Denmark 1935-1959. Dan marks geol. Unders. Ill, 36:146
Swanberg, C.A. (1972) Vertical distribution of heat generation in the Idaho batholith. J. Geophys. Res. 77:2508-2513
Swanberg, C.A., Chessman, M.D., Simmons, G., Smithson, S.B., Grnnlie, G., Heier, K.S. (1974) Heat-flowheat-generation studies in Norway. Tectonophysics 23:31-48
Walsh, J.B., Decker, E.R. (1966) Effect of pressure and saturating fluid on the thermal conductivity of compact rock. J. Geophys. Res. 71:3053-3061
Weigel, W., Hjelme, J., Sellevoll, M.A. (1970) A refraction profile through the Skagerrak from Northern Jutland to Southern Norway. Geodret. Inst. Medd. K0benhavn 45:27
Wenk, H.-R., Wenk, E. (1969) Physical constants of alpine rocks (density, porosity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and conductivity). Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 49:343-357
Wesierska, M. (1973) A study of terrestrial heat flux density in Poland. Publ. Inst. Geoph. Pol. Ac. Sci. 60:135-144
Winkler, H.G.F. (1974) Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. 3rd ed., 320 p. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York