Absolute intensity of daytime whistlers at low and middle latitudes and its latitudinal variation
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The statistical study on the field intensity of daytime whistlers at low (geomag. lat. 25°) and middle (35°) latitudes has been made, based on a lot of data obtained by the field-analysis direction finding system based on the simultaneous measurement of two horizontal magnetic field components and one vertical electric field component. At low latitude, the maximum absolute intensity is estimated to be 250 μV/m, while the corresponding maximum intensity at middle latitude amounts to 600 μV/m, being about 2.4 times that at low latitude. This latitudinal variation of daytime intensity is interpreted in terms of the joint influence of (a) source activity, (b) magnetospheric propagation effect and (c) ionospheric transmission loss. As the result, it is found that whistlers at each station are attributed to ducted propagation in the magnetosphere and have exited the ionosphere close to each observing station, as determined by the direction finding results. Furthermore, the cloud distributions observed by meteorological satellites have yielded that the duct entrance point of whistlers at each station fall within the active thunderstorm region. Hence, we can conclude that daytime whistlers are originated in the active thunderstorms in each conjugate region, are trapped in field-aligned ducts and followed by nearly the vertical exit from the ionosphere at each station. Finally the latitudinal difference of the intensity is satisfactorily interpreted in terms of the difference in the ionospheric transmission loss on the assumption of the same source intensity at each conjugate point and of no amplification in the magnetosphere.
ARK: https://n2t.net/ark:/88439/y007596
Permalink: https://geophysicsjournal.com/article/230
Article Details
Authors who publish with this journal as of Vol. 63 agree to the following terms:
a. Authors share the copyright with this journal in equal parts (50% to the journal, 50% to the lead author), and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work after publication simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal, and a reference to this copyright notice.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) during the submission process, as this can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work and better sales of the copyright.
Author Self-archiving
Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal of Geophysics right of first publication, with the work three years after publication simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 License that allows others to share the work (with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal), except for commercial purposes and for creating derivatives.
Authors can enter into separate, additional, but non-commercial contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, but not publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as that can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Additional Notes
This journal is one of a handful of scholarly journals that publish original scientific works under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 - the only Creative Commons license affording the authors' intellectual property absolute worldwide protection.
Journal of Geophysics is published under the scholar-publishers model, meaning authors do not surrender their copyright to us. Instead, and unlike corporate publishers like Elsevier or Springer Nature that resell copyright to third-parties for up to $80,000 (per paper, per transaction!), the Journal of Geophysics authors share copyright equally with this journal.
Therefore, all the proceeds from reselling copyright to third parties get shared to equal parts (50% to the journal, 50% to the lead author). Under the Berne Convention, this protection is an inheritable right that lasts for as long as the rightsholder lives + 50 years.
By submitting to this journal, the lead author, on behalf of all co-authors, grants permission to this journal to represent all co-authors in negotiating copyright sales and collecting proceeds. The lead author should negotiate with his/her co-authors the modalities of distributing the lead author's portion of the proceeds. Usually, this is per pre-agreed percentage of each co-author's contribution to creating the copyrighted work. (more...)
References
Carpenter, D.L. (1980): Fast fluctuations in the arrival bearing of magnetospherically propagating signals from the Siple, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. 85:4157-4166
Carpenter, D.L., LaBelle, J.W. (1982) A study of whistlers correlated with bursts of electron precipitation near L = 2. J. Geophys. Res. 87:4427-4434
Cousins, M. (1972) Direction finding on whistlers and related VLF signals. Tech. Rep. SEL-72-013, Radioscience Lab., Stanford Univ.
Hayakawa, M., Ohtsu, J., Iwai, A. (1969) Occurrence rate and dispersion of whistlers during magnetically disturbed periods at lower latitudes. Rep. Ionosph. Space Res. Japan 23:9-20
Hayakawa, M., Tanaka, Y. (1978) On the propagation of low latitude whistlers. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 16:111-123
Hayakawa, M., Okada, T., Iwai, A. (1981a) Direction findings ofmediumlatitude whistlers and their propagation mechanism. J. Geophys. Res. 86:6939-6946
Hayakawa, M., Tanaka, Y., Okada, T., Iwai, A. (1981b) Goniometric direction finding for low-latitude whistlers and their propagation characteristics. J. Geophys. Res. 86:6781-6793
Hayakawa, M., Tanaka, Y., Okada, T., Ohtsu, J. (1983) Time scales of formation, lifetime and decay of whistler ducts at low latitudes. Ann. Geophysicae 1:515-518
Hayakawa, M., Ohta, K., Tanaka, Y. (1985) Further direction finding evidence on ducted propagation of low-latitude daytime whistlers and the duct structure To be published in Res. Lett. Atmosph. Electr.
Helliwell, R.A. (1965) Whistlers and Related Ionospheric Phenomena, p. 124. Stanford University Press
Helliwell, R.A., Katsufrakis, J.P., Trimpi, M.L. (1973) Whistler induced amplitude perturbation in VLF propagation. J. Geophys. Res. 78:4679-4688
Iwai, A., Outsu, J. (1958) On an investigation of the field intensity of whistling atmospherics. Proc. Res. Inst. Atmos., Nagoya Univ. 5:50-52
Leavitt, M.K., Carpenter, D.L., Seely, N.T., Padden, R.R., Doolittle, J.H. (1978) Initial results from a tracking direction finding receiver for whistler mode signals. J. Geophys. Res. 83:1601-1610
Lester, M., Smith, A.J. (1980) Whistler duct structure and formation. Planet. Space Sci. 28:645-654
Lohrey, B., Kaiser, A.B. (1979) Whistler induced anomalies in VLF propagation. J. Geophys. Res. 84:5121-5130
Matthews, J.P., Smith, A.J., Smith, I.D. (1979) A remote unmanned ELF/VLF goniometer receiver in Antarctica. Planet. Space Sci. 27:1391-1401
Ohta, K., Hayakawa, M., Tanaka, Y. (1984) Ducted propagation of daytime whistlers at low latitudes as deduced from the groundbased direction finding. J. Geophys. Res. 89:7557-7564
Okada, T., Iwai, A., Hayakawa, M. (1977) The measurement of incident and azimuthal angles and the polarization of whistlers at low latitudes. Planet. Space Sci. 25:233-241
Okada, T., Iwai, A. (1980) A new device for measuring polarization and field intensity of low-latitude whistlers. Trans. Inst. Electr. Engrs. Japan 100:21-28
Okada, T., Iwai, A., Hayakawa, M. (1981) A new whistler direction finder. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 43:679-691
Pitteway, M.L.V., Jespersen, J.L. (1966) A numerical study of the excitation, internal reflection and limiting polarization of whistler waves in the ionosphere. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 28:17-43
Sagredo, J.L., Bullough, K. (1973) VLF goniometer observations at Halley Bay, Antarctica, II. Magnetospheric structure deduced from whistler observation. Plant. Space. Sci. 21:913-923
Strangeways, H.J., Madden, R.A., Rycroft, M.J. (1983) High latitude observation of whistlers using three spaced goniometer receivers. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 45:387-399
Tanaka, Y. (1972) VLF hiss observed at Syowa Station, Antarctica, I. Observation of VLF hiss. Proc. Res. Inst. Atmos. Nagoya Univ. 19:33-61
Tanaka, Y., Hayakawa, M. (1973a) The effect of geomagnetic disturbances on duct propagation of low-latitude whistlers. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 35:1699-1703
Tanaka, Y., Hayakawa, M. (1973b) Storm-time characteristics of lowlatitude whistlers. Planet. Space Sci. 21:1997
Tanaka, Y., Nishino, M., Hayakawa, M. (1976) A study of VLF auroral hiss observed at Syowa, Antarctica. Mem. Natl Inst. Polar Res., Tokyo, Series A13 (Aeronomy), pp. 58
Tanaka, Y ., Hayakawa, M. (1980) Longitudinal effect in the enhancement of daytime whistler activity at low latitudes. Ann. Geophys. 36:577-585
Taylor, W.L. (1963) Radiation field characteristics of lightning discharges in the band 1 kc/s to 100 kc/s. J. Res. NBS, D. Radio Propagation 67D:539-550
Tsuruda, K., Hayashi, K. (1975) Direction finding technique for ellipitically polarized VLF electromagnetic waves and its application to the low latitude whistlers. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 37:1193-1202
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- K. Kurita, M. Hayakawa, Evaluation of the effectiveness of theoretical model calculation in determining the plasmapause structure , Journal of Geophysics: Vol 57 No 1 (1985): Journal of Geophysics