Seismicity and dynamics of the Upper Rhinegraben
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Published:
Aug 30, 1984
Keywords:
Seismicity
Volumes
Vols. 1-18 (1924-1944), ISSN 0044-2801
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Abstract
In this paper we present the results of a 10-year period (1971-1980) of research on the seismicity of the Upper Rhinegraben. Our investigations are exclusively based on instrumentally recorded earthquakes with local magnitudes between 0.5 < ML < 5. The increase in the number of high-gain seismic stations during the past 2 decades improved the quality of the observations considerably, thus allowing detailed recognition of the spatial distribution of the earthquake loci in focal areas deduced from the analysis of historical events. No region, regarded up to now as aseismic, revealed itself as seismic, not even at the level of microearthquakes. Excluding the focal area of the Swabian Jura, the northernmost and southernmost parts of the Upper Rhinegraben show the highest degree of seismic activity. The middle part of the Rhinegraben, between Strasbourg and Karlsruhe, reveals only modest activity, somewhat in contrast to the historical record. The number of earthquakes increases towards the east of the river Rhine relative to the west. An even more pronounced asymmetry is shown in the southern graben by different maximum focal depths perpendicular to the strike of the Rhinegraben. In the Vosges mountains and in the graben proper, depths of 13 and 16 km, respectively, are not exceeded. Maximum depths down to about 20 km are found in the Black Forest. No earthquake was detected in the lower gabbroic crust or in the mantle. The maximum focal depth seems to be governed by variations in the temperature-depth distribution. Fault plane solutions of more than 30 earthquakes demonstrate that the seismic dislocations take place predominantly as strike slip mechanisms in the southern graben area whereas normal faulting prevails in the north. In the northern graben, most of the seismic dislocations occur on fault segments striking N30°W whereas in the south a strike ofN20°E or N60°W (the conjugate direction) is dominant. Furthermore, the fault plane solutions indicate a clockwise rotation of the principle stress directions from north to south by about 40°.
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Bonjer, K.-P., Gelbke, C., Gilg, B., Rouland, D., Mayer-Rosa, D., & Massinon, B. (1984). Seismicity and dynamics of the Upper Rhinegraben. Journal of Geophysics, 55(1), 1-12. Retrieved from https://journal.geophysicsjournal.com/JofG/article/view/81
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References
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Ahorner, L. (1975) Present-day stress field and seismotectonic block movements along major fault zones in Central Europe. In: Pavoni, N., Green, R. (eds.) Recent Crustal Movements, Tectonophysics 29:233-249
Ahorner, L., Schneider, G. (1974) Herdmechanismen von Erdbeben im Oberrheingraben. In: Illies, H., Fuchs, K. (eds.) Approaches to Taphrogenesis, pp 99-104. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Ahorner, L., Murawski, H., Schneider, G. (1972) Seismotektonische Traverse von der Nordsee bis zum Apennin. Geol. Rundsch. 61:915-942
Ahorner, L., Baier, B., Bonjer, K.P. (1983) General pattern of seismotectonic dislocations and the earthquake generating stress field in Central Europe between the Alps and the North Sea. In: Fuchs, K., v. Gehlen, K., Malzer, H., Murawski, H., Semmel, A. (eds.) Plateau Uplift - The Rhenish Massif, a case history, pp 187-197, Springer-Verlag
Ansorge, J., Bonjer, K.P., Emter, D. (1979) Structure of the uppermost mantle from long-range seismic observations in southern Germany and the Rhinegraben area. Tectonophysics 56:31-48
Baier, B. Wernig, J. (1983) Micro-earthquake activity near the southern border of the Rhenish Massif. In: Fuchs, K., v. Gehlen, K., Malzer, H., Murawski, H., Semmel, A. (eds.) Plateau Uplift - The Rhenish Massif, a case history, pp 222-227, Springer-Verlag
Baumann, H. (1981) Regional stress field and rifting in Western Europe. In: Illies, H. (ed.) Mechanism of Graben Formation, Tectonophysics 73:105-111
Bonjer, K.P. (1977) Seismicity of the Upper Rhinegraben - relations to the vertical and lateral temperature variations? In: Sauer, K. (ed.) Geothermische Forschung im Oberrheingraben, pp 29-31
Bonjer, K.P. (1979a) The seismicity of the Upper Rhinegraben as an expression of active tectonics and their deeper origin. Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten 10:383-386
Bonjer, K.P. (1979b) The seismicity of the Upper Rhinegraben. A continental rift system. In: Petrovski, J., Allen, C. (eds.) Proc. Int. Research Conf. on Intra-Continental Earthquakes, pp 107-115, Ohrid, Yugoslavia
Bonjer, K.P., Fuchs, K. (1974) Microearthquake activity observed by a seismic network in the Rhinegraben region. In: Illies, H., Fuchs, K. (eds.) Approaches to Taphrogenesis, pp 99-104, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Bonjer, K.P., Fuchs, K. (1979) Real-time monitoring of seismic activity and earthquake mechanism in the Rhinegraben area as a basis for prediction. Proc. ESA-Council of Europe Seminar on Earthquake Prediction, ESA SP-149:57-62
Bonjer, K.P., Gruber, A., Jung, P., Durst, H., Kaminski, W. (1982) On magnitudes and scaling laws of small Rhinegraben earthquakes (abstract). EOS Trans. AGU 63:1266
Brace, W.F., Kohlstedt, D.L. (1980) Limits on lithospheric stress imposed by laboratory experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 85:6248-6252
Brenner, K. (1966) Die Verlagerung der Bebenherde und der Herdmechanismen im Gebiet der Sudwestalb seit dem Jahre 1911. Diplomarbeit, T.H. Stuttgart
Byerlee, J.D. (1968) Brittle-ductile transition in rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 73:4741-4750
Caputo, M., Postpischl, D. (1972) Preliminary epicentre map of Italy from the year zero up to 1970. In: Maaz, R. (ed.) Statistical and tectonophysical aspects ofseismicity, CSE Working Group Statistical Methods, Zentralinst. Physik der Erde Nr. 18, Jena, 31-36
Chinnery, M.A. (1966) Secondary faulting. Can. J. Earth Sci. 3:163-190
Durst, H. (1981) Digitale Erfassung und Analyse der physikalischen Prozesse in den Erdbebenherden aus dem Bereich des Oberrheingrabens. Diplomarbeit, Geophysikalisches Institut, Universitat Karlsruhe
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Edel, J.B., Fuchs, K., Gelbke, C., Prodehl, C. (1975) Deep structure of the southern Rhinegraben area from seismic refraction investigation. J. Geophys. 41:333-356
Fairhead, J.D., Stuart, G.W. (1982) The seismicity of the East African Rift System and comparison with other continental rifts. In: Palmason, G. (ed.) Continental and Oceanic Rifts, pp 41-61, AGU Geodynamic Series 8
Gelbke, C. (1978) Lokalisierung von Erdbeben in Medien mit beliebiger Geschwindigkeits-Tiefen-Verteilung unter Einschlus spaterer Einsiitze und die Hypozentren im Bereich des sudlichen Oberrheingrabens von 1971-1975. Ph.D. Thesis, Geophysikalisches Institut, Universitat Karlsruhe
Gilg, B. (1980) Hypozentrumsbestimmung von lokalen Erdbeben im Bereich des Oberrheingrabens (1971-1979). Diplomarbeit, Geophysikalisches Institut, Universitat Karlsruhe
Gruber, A. (1983) Die Sierentz-Erdbebenserie von 1980/81. Untersuchung der Raumzeit-Verteilung von Nachbeben und deren spektrale Herdparameter. Diplomarbeit, Geophysikalisches Institut, Universitat Karlsruhe
Gutdeutsch, R., Arie, K. (1976) Erdbeben im ostalpinen Raum. Zentralanstalt fur Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Wien Publ. Nr. 210
Haessler, H., Hoang Trong, P., Schick, R., Schneider, G., Strobach, K. (1980) The September 3, 1978, Swabian Jura earthquake. Tectonophysics 68:1-14
Hagele, U., Wohlenberg, J. (1970) Recent investigations on the seismicity of the Rhinegraben Rift System. In: Illies, H., Mueller, St. (eds.) Graben Problems, pp 167-170, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Hiller, W., Rothe, J.-P., Schneider, G. (1967) La seismicite du Fosse Rhenan. In: Rothe, J.P. , Sauer, K. (eds.) The Rhinegraben Progress Report 1967, pp 98-100, Abh. Geol. Landesamt Baden-Wurttemberg, Freiburg/Strasburg
Illies, H. (1965) Bauplan aund Baugeschichte des Oberrheingrabens. Oberrh. Geol. Abh. 14:1-54
Illies, H. (1974) Taphrogenesis and plate tectonics. In: Illies, H., Fuchs, K. (eds.) Approaches to Taphrogenesis, pp 433-460, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Illies, H. (1977) Ancient and recent rifting in the Rhinegraben. In: Frost, R.T.C., Dikkers, A.J. (eds.) Fault tectonics in N.W. Europe, pp 329-350, Geologie en Miynbouw 56
Illies, H. (1982) Der Hohenzollerngraben und Intraplattenseismizitiit infolge Vergitterung lamellarer Scherung mit einer Riftstruktur. Oberrhein. Geol. Abh. 31:47-78
Illies, H., Baumann, H. (1982) Crustal dynamics and morphodynamics of the Western European Rift System. Z. Geomorph. N.F. 42:135-165
Illies, H., Greiner, G. (1978) Rhinegraben und the alpine system. Geol. Soc. Am. 89:770-782
Illies, H., Baumann, H., Hoffers, B. (1981) Stress pattern and strain release in the Alpine foreland. Tectonophysics 71:157-172
Kirby, S.H. (1980) Tectonic stresses in the lithosphere: Constraints provided by the experimental deformation of rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 85:6353-6363
Lee, W.H.K., Lahr, J.C. (1972) HYPO 71, a computer program for determining hypocenter, magnitude and first motion pattern of local earthquakes. U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Rep.
Leydecker, G., Harjes, H.P. (1978) Seismische Kriterien zur Standortauswahl kerntechnischer Anlagen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bundesanstalt for Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover
Lippert, W. (1979) Erstellung von Formeln for die Magnitudenbestimmung von Nahbeben der Jahre 1971-1978 im Bereich des Oberrheingrabens. Diplomarbeit, Geophysikalisches Institut, Universitat Karlsruhe
Mayer-Rosa, D., Cadiot, B. (1979) A review of the 1356 Basel earthquake: basic data. Tectonophysics 53:325-333
Mayer-Rosa, D., Pavoni, N. (1977) Fault plane solutions of earthquakes in Switzerland from 1971 to 1976. Proc, of the XV. General Assembly of the E.S.C. Krakow Sept. 1976, Publ. Inst. Geophys. Pol. Acad. Sc. A-5(116):321-326
Meisner, R. (1980) Bruch- and Kriechprozesse in kontinentaler Kruste. Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges. 131:591-603
Meisner, R., Strehlau, J. (1982) Limits of stresses in continental crusts and their relation to the depth-frequency distribution of shallow earthquakes. Tectonics 1:73-89
Mueller, St. (1970) Geophysical aspects of graben formation in continental rift systems. In: Illies, H., Mueller, St. (eds.) Graben Problems, pp 27-37, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Mueller, St. (1977) A new model of the continental crust. In: Spilhaus, A.F. (ed.) The Earth's Crust, pp 289-317, Geophys. monograph. 20, AGU Washington
Mueller, St., Rybach, L. (1974) Crustal dynamics in the central part of the Rhinegraben. In: Illies, H., Fuchs, K. (eds.) Approaches to Taphrogenesis, pp 379-388, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Neugebauer, H.J., Tobias, E. (1977) A study of the Echzell-Wetterau earthquake of November 4, 1975. J. Geophys. 43:751-760
Pavoni, N. (1977) Erdbeben im Gebiet der Schweiz. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 70(2):351-370
Prochazkova, D. (1974) Maps of epicentres and maximum observed intensity for Bohemia and Moravia. Travaux Inst. Geophys. Acad. Tchecosl. Sciences 420:207-212
Prodehl, C. (1981) Structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Central European Rift System. Tectonophysics 80:255-269
Prodehl, C., Ansorge, J., Edel, J.B., Emter, D., Fuchs, K., Mueller, St., Peterschmitt, E. (1976) Explosion-seismology research in the central and southern Rhinegraben - a case history. In: Giese, P., Prodehl, C., Stein, A. (eds.) Explosion Seismology in Central Europe, pp 313-328, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg
Richter, C.F. (1935) An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 25:1-32
Ringwood, A.E., Green, D.M. (1966) An experimental investigation of the gabbro-eclogite transformation and some geophysical implications. Tectonophysics 3:383-428
Rouland, D., Haessler, H., Bonjer, K.P., Gilg, B., Mayer-Rosa, D., Pavoni, N. (1980) The Sierentz Southern Rhinegraben earthquake of July 15, 1980 - Preliminary results. In: Proc ESC-EGS General
Assembly, Budapest, 441-446
Schick R. (1968) Untersuchungen uber die Bruchausdehnung und Bruchgeschwindigkeit bei Erdbeben mit kleinen Magnituden (M < 4). J. Geophys. 34:267-286
Schick, R. (1970) A method for determining source parameters of small magnitude earthquakes. J. Geophys. 36:205-224
Schneider, G. (1968) Erdbeben und Tektonik in Sudwestdeutschland. Tectonophysics 5:459-511
Schneider, G. (1971) Seismizitat und Seismotektonik der Schwabischen Alb, Ferd. Enke Stuttgart
Schneider, G., Schick, R., Berckhemer, H. (1966) Fault-plane solutions of earthquakes in Baden-Wurttemberg. J. Geophys. 32:383-393
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Ahorner, L. (1975) Present-day stress field and seismotectonic block movements along major fault zones in Central Europe. In: Pavoni, N., Green, R. (eds.) Recent Crustal Movements, Tectonophysics 29:233-249
Ahorner, L., Schneider, G. (1974) Herdmechanismen von Erdbeben im Oberrheingraben. In: Illies, H., Fuchs, K. (eds.) Approaches to Taphrogenesis, pp 99-104. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Ahorner, L., Murawski, H., Schneider, G. (1972) Seismotektonische Traverse von der Nordsee bis zum Apennin. Geol. Rundsch. 61:915-942
Ahorner, L., Baier, B., Bonjer, K.P. (1983) General pattern of seismotectonic dislocations and the earthquake generating stress field in Central Europe between the Alps and the North Sea. In: Fuchs, K., v. Gehlen, K., Malzer, H., Murawski, H., Semmel, A. (eds.) Plateau Uplift - The Rhenish Massif, a case history, pp 187-197, Springer-Verlag
Ansorge, J., Bonjer, K.P., Emter, D. (1979) Structure of the uppermost mantle from long-range seismic observations in southern Germany and the Rhinegraben area. Tectonophysics 56:31-48
Baier, B. Wernig, J. (1983) Micro-earthquake activity near the southern border of the Rhenish Massif. In: Fuchs, K., v. Gehlen, K., Malzer, H., Murawski, H., Semmel, A. (eds.) Plateau Uplift - The Rhenish Massif, a case history, pp 222-227, Springer-Verlag
Baumann, H. (1981) Regional stress field and rifting in Western Europe. In: Illies, H. (ed.) Mechanism of Graben Formation, Tectonophysics 73:105-111
Bonjer, K.P. (1977) Seismicity of the Upper Rhinegraben - relations to the vertical and lateral temperature variations? In: Sauer, K. (ed.) Geothermische Forschung im Oberrheingraben, pp 29-31
Bonjer, K.P. (1979a) The seismicity of the Upper Rhinegraben as an expression of active tectonics and their deeper origin. Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten 10:383-386
Bonjer, K.P. (1979b) The seismicity of the Upper Rhinegraben. A continental rift system. In: Petrovski, J., Allen, C. (eds.) Proc. Int. Research Conf. on Intra-Continental Earthquakes, pp 107-115, Ohrid, Yugoslavia
Bonjer, K.P., Fuchs, K. (1974) Microearthquake activity observed by a seismic network in the Rhinegraben region. In: Illies, H., Fuchs, K. (eds.) Approaches to Taphrogenesis, pp 99-104, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Bonjer, K.P., Fuchs, K. (1979) Real-time monitoring of seismic activity and earthquake mechanism in the Rhinegraben area as a basis for prediction. Proc. ESA-Council of Europe Seminar on Earthquake Prediction, ESA SP-149:57-62
Bonjer, K.P., Gruber, A., Jung, P., Durst, H., Kaminski, W. (1982) On magnitudes and scaling laws of small Rhinegraben earthquakes (abstract). EOS Trans. AGU 63:1266
Brace, W.F., Kohlstedt, D.L. (1980) Limits on lithospheric stress imposed by laboratory experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 85:6248-6252
Brenner, K. (1966) Die Verlagerung der Bebenherde und der Herdmechanismen im Gebiet der Sudwestalb seit dem Jahre 1911. Diplomarbeit, T.H. Stuttgart
Byerlee, J.D. (1968) Brittle-ductile transition in rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 73:4741-4750
Caputo, M., Postpischl, D. (1972) Preliminary epicentre map of Italy from the year zero up to 1970. In: Maaz, R. (ed.) Statistical and tectonophysical aspects ofseismicity, CSE Working Group Statistical Methods, Zentralinst. Physik der Erde Nr. 18, Jena, 31-36
Chinnery, M.A. (1966) Secondary faulting. Can. J. Earth Sci. 3:163-190
Durst, H. (1981) Digitale Erfassung und Analyse der physikalischen Prozesse in den Erdbebenherden aus dem Bereich des Oberrheingrabens. Diplomarbeit, Geophysikalisches Institut, Universitat Karlsruhe
Edel, J.-B. (1975) Structure de la croute terrestre sous le Fosse Rhenan et ses bordures. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Strasbourg. p. 207
Edel, J.B., Fuchs, K., Gelbke, C., Prodehl, C. (1975) Deep structure of the southern Rhinegraben area from seismic refraction investigation. J. Geophys. 41:333-356
Fairhead, J.D., Stuart, G.W. (1982) The seismicity of the East African Rift System and comparison with other continental rifts. In: Palmason, G. (ed.) Continental and Oceanic Rifts, pp 41-61, AGU Geodynamic Series 8
Gelbke, C. (1978) Lokalisierung von Erdbeben in Medien mit beliebiger Geschwindigkeits-Tiefen-Verteilung unter Einschlus spaterer Einsiitze und die Hypozentren im Bereich des sudlichen Oberrheingrabens von 1971-1975. Ph.D. Thesis, Geophysikalisches Institut, Universitat Karlsruhe
Gilg, B. (1980) Hypozentrumsbestimmung von lokalen Erdbeben im Bereich des Oberrheingrabens (1971-1979). Diplomarbeit, Geophysikalisches Institut, Universitat Karlsruhe
Gruber, A. (1983) Die Sierentz-Erdbebenserie von 1980/81. Untersuchung der Raumzeit-Verteilung von Nachbeben und deren spektrale Herdparameter. Diplomarbeit, Geophysikalisches Institut, Universitat Karlsruhe
Gutdeutsch, R., Arie, K. (1976) Erdbeben im ostalpinen Raum. Zentralanstalt fur Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Wien Publ. Nr. 210
Haessler, H., Hoang Trong, P., Schick, R., Schneider, G., Strobach, K. (1980) The September 3, 1978, Swabian Jura earthquake. Tectonophysics 68:1-14
Hagele, U., Wohlenberg, J. (1970) Recent investigations on the seismicity of the Rhinegraben Rift System. In: Illies, H., Mueller, St. (eds.) Graben Problems, pp 167-170, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Hiller, W., Rothe, J.-P., Schneider, G. (1967) La seismicite du Fosse Rhenan. In: Rothe, J.P. , Sauer, K. (eds.) The Rhinegraben Progress Report 1967, pp 98-100, Abh. Geol. Landesamt Baden-Wurttemberg, Freiburg/Strasburg
Illies, H. (1965) Bauplan aund Baugeschichte des Oberrheingrabens. Oberrh. Geol. Abh. 14:1-54
Illies, H. (1974) Taphrogenesis and plate tectonics. In: Illies, H., Fuchs, K. (eds.) Approaches to Taphrogenesis, pp 433-460, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Illies, H. (1977) Ancient and recent rifting in the Rhinegraben. In: Frost, R.T.C., Dikkers, A.J. (eds.) Fault tectonics in N.W. Europe, pp 329-350, Geologie en Miynbouw 56
Illies, H. (1982) Der Hohenzollerngraben und Intraplattenseismizitiit infolge Vergitterung lamellarer Scherung mit einer Riftstruktur. Oberrhein. Geol. Abh. 31:47-78
Illies, H., Baumann, H. (1982) Crustal dynamics and morphodynamics of the Western European Rift System. Z. Geomorph. N.F. 42:135-165
Illies, H., Greiner, G. (1978) Rhinegraben und the alpine system. Geol. Soc. Am. 89:770-782
Illies, H., Baumann, H., Hoffers, B. (1981) Stress pattern and strain release in the Alpine foreland. Tectonophysics 71:157-172
Kirby, S.H. (1980) Tectonic stresses in the lithosphere: Constraints provided by the experimental deformation of rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 85:6353-6363
Lee, W.H.K., Lahr, J.C. (1972) HYPO 71, a computer program for determining hypocenter, magnitude and first motion pattern of local earthquakes. U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Rep.
Leydecker, G., Harjes, H.P. (1978) Seismische Kriterien zur Standortauswahl kerntechnischer Anlagen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bundesanstalt for Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover
Lippert, W. (1979) Erstellung von Formeln for die Magnitudenbestimmung von Nahbeben der Jahre 1971-1978 im Bereich des Oberrheingrabens. Diplomarbeit, Geophysikalisches Institut, Universitat Karlsruhe
Mayer-Rosa, D., Cadiot, B. (1979) A review of the 1356 Basel earthquake: basic data. Tectonophysics 53:325-333
Mayer-Rosa, D., Pavoni, N. (1977) Fault plane solutions of earthquakes in Switzerland from 1971 to 1976. Proc, of the XV. General Assembly of the E.S.C. Krakow Sept. 1976, Publ. Inst. Geophys. Pol. Acad. Sc. A-5(116):321-326
Meisner, R. (1980) Bruch- and Kriechprozesse in kontinentaler Kruste. Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges. 131:591-603
Meisner, R., Strehlau, J. (1982) Limits of stresses in continental crusts and their relation to the depth-frequency distribution of shallow earthquakes. Tectonics 1:73-89
Mueller, St. (1970) Geophysical aspects of graben formation in continental rift systems. In: Illies, H., Mueller, St. (eds.) Graben Problems, pp 27-37, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Mueller, St. (1977) A new model of the continental crust. In: Spilhaus, A.F. (ed.) The Earth's Crust, pp 289-317, Geophys. monograph. 20, AGU Washington
Mueller, St., Rybach, L. (1974) Crustal dynamics in the central part of the Rhinegraben. In: Illies, H., Fuchs, K. (eds.) Approaches to Taphrogenesis, pp 379-388, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Neugebauer, H.J., Tobias, E. (1977) A study of the Echzell-Wetterau earthquake of November 4, 1975. J. Geophys. 43:751-760
Pavoni, N. (1977) Erdbeben im Gebiet der Schweiz. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 70(2):351-370
Prochazkova, D. (1974) Maps of epicentres and maximum observed intensity for Bohemia and Moravia. Travaux Inst. Geophys. Acad. Tchecosl. Sciences 420:207-212
Prodehl, C. (1981) Structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Central European Rift System. Tectonophysics 80:255-269
Prodehl, C., Ansorge, J., Edel, J.B., Emter, D., Fuchs, K., Mueller, St., Peterschmitt, E. (1976) Explosion-seismology research in the central and southern Rhinegraben - a case history. In: Giese, P., Prodehl, C., Stein, A. (eds.) Explosion Seismology in Central Europe, pp 313-328, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg
Richter, C.F. (1935) An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 25:1-32
Ringwood, A.E., Green, D.M. (1966) An experimental investigation of the gabbro-eclogite transformation and some geophysical implications. Tectonophysics 3:383-428
Rouland, D., Haessler, H., Bonjer, K.P., Gilg, B., Mayer-Rosa, D., Pavoni, N. (1980) The Sierentz Southern Rhinegraben earthquake of July 15, 1980 - Preliminary results. In: Proc ESC-EGS General
Assembly, Budapest, 441-446
Schick R. (1968) Untersuchungen uber die Bruchausdehnung und Bruchgeschwindigkeit bei Erdbeben mit kleinen Magnituden (M < 4). J. Geophys. 34:267-286
Schick, R. (1970) A method for determining source parameters of small magnitude earthquakes. J. Geophys. 36:205-224
Schneider, G. (1968) Erdbeben und Tektonik in Sudwestdeutschland. Tectonophysics 5:459-511
Schneider, G. (1971) Seismizitat und Seismotektonik der Schwabischen Alb, Ferd. Enke Stuttgart
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Seismological Central Observatory Graefenberg: Earthquakes in the Federal Republic of Germany 1971-1980
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