On a type classification of lower crustal layers under Precambrian regions
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Various parameters pertinent to the lower crustal layer under Precambrian regions are listed for locations where seismic, and geomagnetic or geoelectric, studies have been undertaken. The parameters define three distinct types of lower crustal layer with certain dominant characteristics: Type I – "Normal" – typical continental seismic parameters and a high electrical resistivity (103–104 Ωm); Type II – "Intermediate" – high compressional wave velocity (either fixed Vp = 7.0 km s-1 or transitional Vp = 6.7 → 7.3 km s-1) and a moderate resistivity (100–300 Ωm); Type III – "Low" – a low shear wave velocity layer (LVsL), high Poisson's ratio (> 0.30) and low electrical resistivity (10–50 Ωm). Possible conditions and rock types, existing at the P–T environment of the lower crust and which could account for the observations, are suggested. The zoning of Canada into types implies that Type II layers are shield "edge" effects, and that inability to observe what is regarded as the final stage of development of a shield region under certain shields may be due to their being too small.
ARK: https://n2t.net/ark:/88439/y052001
Permalink: https://geophysicsjournal.com/article/185
Article Details
Authors who publish with this journal as of Vol. 63 agree to the following terms:
a. Authors share the copyright with this journal in equal parts (50% to the journal, 50% to the lead author), and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work after publication simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal, and a reference to this copyright notice.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) during the submission process, as this can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work and better sales of the copyright.
Author Self-archiving
Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal of Geophysics right of first publication, with the work three years after publication simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 License that allows others to share the work (with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal), except for commercial purposes and for creating derivatives.
Authors can enter into separate, additional, but non-commercial contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, but not publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as that can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Additional Notes
This journal is one of a handful of scholarly journals that publish original scientific works under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 - the only Creative Commons license affording the authors' intellectual property absolute worldwide protection.
Journal of Geophysics is published under the scholar-publishers model, meaning authors do not surrender their copyright to us. Instead, and unlike corporate publishers like Elsevier or Springer Nature that resell copyright to third-parties for up to $80,000 (per paper, per transaction!), the Journal of Geophysics authors share copyright equally with this journal.
Therefore, all the proceeds from reselling copyright to third parties get shared to equal parts (50% to the journal, 50% to the lead author). Under the Berne Convention, this protection is an inheritable right that lasts for as long as the rightsholder lives + 50 years.
By submitting to this journal, the lead author, on behalf of all co-authors, grants permission to this journal to represent all co-authors in negotiating copyright sales and collecting proceeds. The lead author should negotiate with his/her co-authors the modalities of distributing the lead author's portion of the proceeds. Usually, this is per pre-agreed percentage of each co-author's contribution to creating the copyrighted work. (more...)
References
Bamford, D., Faber, S., Jacob, B., Kaminski, W., Nunn, K., Prodehl, C., Fuchs, K., King, R., Willmore, P. (1976) A lithospheric profile in Britain -1. Preliminary results. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 44:145-160
Bamford, D., Nunn, K., Prodehl, C., Jacob, B. (1978) LISPB - IV. Crustal structure of Northern Britain. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 54:43-60
Berry, M.J., Fuchs, K. (1973) Crustal structure of the Superior and Grenville provinces of the northeastern Canadian shield. Bull. Seismal. Soc. Am. 63:1393-1432
Berry, M.J., Mair, J.A. (1977) The nature of the Earth's crust in Canada. In: Heacock, J.G. (Ed.) The Earth's Crust: Its nature and physical properties, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. Vol. 20, pp. 319-348. Washington DC: Am. Geophys. Union
Bloch, S., Hales, A.L., Landisman, M. (1969) Velocities in the crust and upper mantle of southern Africa from multi-mode surface wave dispersion. Bull. Seismal. Soc. Am. 59:1599-1629
Blohm, E.K., Worzyk, P., Scriba, H. (1977) Geoelectrical Deep Soundings in southern Africa using the Cabora Bassa power line. J. Geophys. 43:665-679
Bloomer, J.R., Richardson, S.W., Oxburgh, E.R. (1979) Heat flow in Britain: an assessment of the values and their reliability. In: Cermak, V., Rybach, L. (Eds.) Terrestrial Heat Flow in Europe, Inter-Union Comm. Geodyn. Sci. Rep. No. 58, pp. 293-300. Springer, Berlin
Bondarenko, A.T., Galdin, N.Y. (1972) On the physiomechanical and electrical properties of basalts at high pressures and temperatures. Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Earth Physics 5:28-40
Bozhko, G.N., Starovoit, O.E. (1969) Phase velocities of Rayleigh waves on the Russian platform. In: Bisztricsany, E. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Eight Assembly of the European Seismological Commission, pp. 339-343. Budapest, Hungary: Akad. Kiado
Brace, W.F. (1971) Resistivity of Saturated Crustal Rocks to 40 km based on laboratory studies. In: Heacock, J.G. (Ed.) The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth's Crust, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. Vol. 14, pp. 243-255. Washington, D.C.: Am. Geophys. Union
Bungum, H., Pirhonen, S.E., Husebye, E.S. (1980) Crustal thickness in Fennoscandia. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 63:759-774
Carte, A.E., Rooyen, A.I.M. van (1969) Further measurements of heat flow in South Africa. Upper Mantle Project. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. Spec. Publ. 2:445-448
Christensen, N.I. (1965) Compressional wave velocities in metamorphic rocks at pressures to 10 kilobars. J. Geophys. Res. 70:6147-6154
Christensen, N.I. (1966) Shear wave velocities in metamorphic rocks at pressures to 10 kilobars. J. Geophys. Res. 71:3549-3556
Christensen, N.I. (1979) Compressional wave velocities in rocks at high temperatures and pressures, critical thermal gradients and crustal low-velocity zones. J. Geophys. Res. 84:6849-6857
Connerney, J.E.P., Kuckes, A.F. (1980) Gradient analysis of geomagnetic fluctuations in the Adirondacks. J. Geophys. Res. 85:2615-2624
Connerney, J.E.P., Nekut, A., Kuckes, A.F. (1980) Deep crustal electrical conductivity in the Adirondacks. J. Geophys. Res. 85:2603-2614
Daly, R.A., Manger, G.E., Clark, S.P. (1966) Density of rocks. In: Clark, S.P. (Ed.) Handbook of Physical Constants, pp. 19-26. New York: Geol. Soc. Am. Inc.
Dewey, J.F. (1969a) Continental margins: a model for conversion of Atlantic type to Andean type. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 189-197
Dewey, J.F. (1969b) Evolution of the Appalachian/Caledonian orogen. Nature 222:124-219
Drake, C.L., Ewing, M., Sutton, G.H. (1959) Continental margins and geosynclines: The east coast of North America, north of Cape Hatteras. In: Ahrens, L.H., Press, F., Rankama, K., Runcorn, S.K. (Eds.) Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Vol. 2, pp. 110-198. London: Pergamon Press
Duncan, P.M., Hwang, A., Edwards, R.N., Bailey, R.C., Garland, G.D. (1980) The development and applications of a wide band electromagnetic sounding system using a pseudo-noise source. Geophysics 45:1276-1296
Edwards, R.N., Bailey, R.C., Garland, G.D. (1980) Crustal and upper mantle electrical conductivity studies with natural and artificial sources. In: Strangway, D.W. (Ed.) The Continental Crust and Its Mineral Deposits, Spec. Pap. No. 20, pp. 255-271. Geol. Assoc. Can.
Edwards, R.N., Greenhouse, J.P. (1975) Geomagnetic variations in the eastern United States: evidence for a highly conducting lower crust. Science 188:726-728
Eriksson, K.G., Malmquist, D. (1979) A review of the Past and Present Investigations of Heat Flow in Sweden. In: Cermak, V., Rybach, L. (Eds.) Terrestrial Heat Flow in Europe, Inter-Union Comm. Geodyn. Sci. Rep No. 58, pp. 267-277. Springer, Berlin
Green, A.G., Stephenson, O.G., Mann, G.D., Kanasewich, E.R., Cumming, G.L., Hajnal, Z., Mair, J.A., West, G.F. (1980) Cooperative surveys across the Superior-Churchill boundary zone in southern Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 17:617-632
Haak, V. (1980) Relations between electrical conductivity and the petrological parameters of the crust and upper mantle. Geophys. Surveys 4:57-69
Hall, D.H. (1977) Partial melting and mineral-stability boundaries and their bearing on the seismic exploration of the lithosphere in Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 14:2638-2650
Hall, D.H., Hajnal, Z. (1973) Deep seismic crustal studies in Manitoba. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 63:885-910
Healy, J.H. (1971) A comment on the evidence for a worldwide zone of low seismic velocity at shallow depths in the Earth's crust. In: Heacock, J.G. (Ed.) The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth's Crust, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. Vol.14, pp. 35-40. Washington, D.C.: Am. Geophys. Union
Hirschleber, H.B., Lund, C.-E., Meissner, R., Vogel, A., Weinrebe, W. (1975) Seismic investigations along the Scandinavian "Blue Road" traverse. J. Geophys. 41:135-148
Housley, R.M., Oliver, J.R. (1977) Electrical characteristics of igneous Precambrian basement rocks of central North America. In: Heacock, J.G. (Ed.) The Earth's Crust, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. Vol. 20, pp. 181-195. Washington, D.C.: Am. Geophys. Union
Hutton, V.R.S., Dawes, G., Ingham, M., Kirkwood, S., Mbipom, E.W., Sik, J. (1981) Recent studies of time variations of natural electromagnetic fields in Scotland. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 24:66-87
Hutton, V.R.S., Ingham, M.R., Mbipom, E.W. (1980) An electrical model of the crust and upper mantle in Scotland. Nature 287:30-33
Hyndman, R.D., Hyndman, D.W. (1968) Water saturation and high electrical conductivity in the lower continental crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 4:427-432
Jacobson, J.J. (1969) Deep electromagnetic sounding technique. D.Sc. Thesis T-1252. Golden, Colorado: Colorado School of Mines
Jentsch, M. (1979) Reinterpretation of a deep-seismic-sounding profile on the Ukrainian shield. J. Geophys. 45:355-372
Jones, A.G. (1980) Geomagnetic induction studies in Scandinavia - I. Determination of the inductive response function from the magnetometer array data. J. Geophys. 48:181-194
Jones, A.G. (1981) On the electrical crust-upper mantle structure in Fennoscandia: No Moho, and the Asthenosphere revealed? Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. (In press)
Jones, A.G., Hutton, R. (1979) A multi-station magnetotelluric study in southern Scotland - II. Monte-Carlo inversion of the data and its geophysical and tectonic implications. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 56:351-368
Jordan, T.H., Frazer, L.N. (1975) Crustal and upper mantle structure from SP phases. J. Geophys. Res. 80:1504-1518
Keen, C.E., Hyndman, R.D. (1979) Geophysical review of the continental margins of eastern and western Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 16:712-747
Keller, G.V. (1971) Electrical studies of the Crust and Upper Mantle. In: Heacock, J.G. (Ed.) The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth's Crust, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. Vol. 14, pp. 107-125. Washington D.C.: Am. Geophys. Union
Kosminskaya, I.P., Pavlenkova, N.I. (1979) Seismic models of inner parts of the Euro-Asian continent and its margins. Tectonophysics 59:307-320
Kovtun, A.A. (1976 ) Induction studies in stable shield and platform areas. Acta Geod. Geophys. Montan. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11, 333-346 (paper originally presented as a Review at the Third IAGA Workshop on Electromagnetic Induction in the Earth, Sopron, Hungary, 4-10 July 1976)
Kovtun, A.A., Chicherina, N.D. (1969) Results of magnetotelluric investigations in the central Russian depression. In: Magnetotelluric methods for studying the structure of the Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle (In Russian). Moscow: Nauka
Kurtz, R.D., Garland, G.D. (1976) Magnetotelluric measurements in eastern Canada. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 45:321-347
Kutas, RI., Lubimova, E.A., Smirnov, Ya.B. (1979) Heat flow studies in the European part of the Soviet Union. In: Cermak, V., Rybach, L. (Eds.) Terrestrial Heat Flow in Europe, Inter-Union Comm. Geodyn. Sci. Rep. No. 58, pp. 301-308. Springer, Berlin
Lachenbruch, A.H., Sass, J.H. (1977) Heat flow in the United States and the Thermal Regime of the crust. In: Heacock, J.G. (Ed.) The Earth's Crust: Its nature and physical properties, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. Vol. 20, pp. 626-675. Washington D.C.: Am. Geophys. Union
Landisman, M., Mueller, S., Mitchell, B.J. (1971) Review of evidence for velocity inversions in the continental crust. In: Heacock, J.G. (Ed.) The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth's Crust, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. Vol. 14, pp. 11-34. Washington D.C.: Am. Geophys. Union
Lund, C.-E. (1979) Crustal structure along the Blue Road Profile in northern Scandinavia. Geol. Faren. Stockholm Forh. 101:191-204
Manghnani, M.H., Ramananantoandro, R., Clark, S.P. (1974) Compressional and shear wave velocities in Granulite Facies rocks and Eclogites to 10 kbar. J. Geophys. Res. 79:5427-5446
Masse, R.P., Alexander, S.S. (1974) Compressional velocity distribution beneath Scandinavia and western Russia. Geophys. J. 39:587-602
Mereu, R.F., Hunter, J.A. (1969) Crustal and upper mantle structure under the Canadian shield from project early rise data. Bull. Seismal. Soc. Am. 59:147-165
O'Brien, P.N.S. (1968) Lake Superior Crustal Structure - A Reinterpretation of the 1963 Seismic Experiment. J. Geo phys. Res. 73:2669-2689
Patton, H. (1980) Crust and Upper Mantle Structure of the Eurasian Continent from the Phase Velocity and Q of Surface Waves. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 18:605-625
Pavlenkova, N.L. (1979) Generalised geophysical model and dynamic properties of the continental crust. Tectonophysics 59:381-390
Phillips, W.E.A., Stillman, C.J., Murphy, T. (1976) A Caledonian plate tectonic model. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 132:576-609
Porath, H. (1971) A review of the evidence on low-resistivity layers in the Earth's crust. In: Heacock, J.G. (Ed.) The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth's Crust, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. Vol. 14, pp. 127-144. Am. Geophys. Union, Washington D.C.
Press, F. (1966) Seismic velocities. In: Clark, S.P. (Ed.) Handbook of Physical Constants, pp. 195-218. New York: Geol. Soc. Am. Inc.
Rao, R. U.M., Jessop, A.M. (1975) A comparison of the thermal characteristics of shields. Can. J. Earth Sci. 12:347-360
Reddy, I.K., Rankin, D. (1971) Magnetotelluric measurements in central Alberta. Geophysics 36:739-753
Richter, D., Simmons, G. (1966) Microcracks in crustal igneous rocks. In: Heacock, J.G. (Ed.) The Earth's Crust, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. Vol. 20, pp.149-181. Washington D.C.: Am. Geophys. Union
Ringwood, A.E. (1975) Composition and Petrology of the Earth's Mantle. McGraw-Hill, New York
Sellevoll, M.A., Warrick, R.E. (1971) A refraction study of the crustal structure in southern Norway. Bull. Seismal. Soc. Am. 61:457-471
Srivastava, S.P., Jacobs, J.A. (1964) Determination of the electrical resistivity at Meanook, Alberta, Canada, by the Magnetotelluric method. J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 15:280-288
Sternberg, B.K. (1979) Electrical resistivity structure of the Crust in the southern extension of the Canadian Shield - layered Earth models. J. Geophys. Res. 84:212-228
Tkachev, G.N. (1973) Experiment of abyssal magnetotelluric soundings on the Ukrainian shield (in Russian). Geofiz. Sb. 52:62-65
Vanyan, L.L., Berdichewski, M.N., Fainberg, E.B., Fiskina, M.V. (1977) The study of the asthenosphere of the East European platform by electromagnetic methods. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 14:Pl-P2
Volarovich, M.P., Parkhomenko, E.I. (1976) Electrical Properties of Rocks at High Temperatures and Pressures. In: Adam, A. (Ed.) Geolectric and Geothermal Studies (East-Central Europe, Soviet Asia), KAPG Geophys. Monogr., pp. 319-369. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado
Vozoff, K., Ellis, R.M. (1966) Magnetotelluric measurements m southern Alberta. Geophysics 31:1153-1157
Westerlund S. (1972) Magnetotelluric experiments in the frequency range O.01 Hz to 10 kHz. KGO Report No. 72: 10, Kiruna Geophysical Observatory, Nov.
Wickens, A.J. (1971) Variations in lithospheric thickness in Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 8:1154-1162
Wickens, A.J., Buchbinder, G.G.R. (1980) S-wave residuals in Canada. Bull. Seismal. Soc. Am. 70:809-822
Williams, H. (1979) Appalachian orogen in Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 16:792-807
Zablocki, C.J. (1964) Electrical properties of serpentinite from Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. In: A Study of Serpentinite of the Amsoc Core Hole Near Mayaguez, p. 1188. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Centre